African migrants in South Africa are experiencing “extreme fear” as a series of marches calling for the deportation of illegal immigrants reignites long-standing xenophobic sentiment. The campaign group March, which is leading many of the recent protests, has issued an ultimatum for undocumented individuals to leave the country by June 30, without outlining consequences for non-compliance.

South Africa has historically relied on migrant labor, particularly for its mining sector. Following the end of white-minority rule in 1994, Nelson Mandela welcomed African migrants. However, persistent poverty and economic instability in neighboring countries, such as hyperinflation in Zimbabwe, have continued to drive people to seek opportunities in South Africa.

The escalating situation has led to violence and displacement. Mozambique reported five of its citizens were killed in what it described as “xenophobic attacks” in late May. South African police confirmed the deaths of two Mozambicans and one South African during an outbreak of violence in Mossel Bay. In Kleinmond, near Cape Town, approximately 100 individuals from Mozambique and Malawi sought refuge in a town hall after facing demands from an angry crowd to leave an informal settlement.

Many displaced migrants have expressed a desire for assistance from their home governments to return. Ghana, for instance, has already arranged flights for hundreds of its citizens to depart South Africa. The fear among migrants is palpable, with one Ethiopian entrepreneur, who has resided in South Africa since 2000 and is married to a South African woman, noting that legal documentation offers little protection against the violence.

Experts point to a complex interplay of socio-economic factors fueling the current backlash. High unemployment rates and economic strain within South Africa are often cited as primary drivers, with some segments of the population directing frustration towards foreign nationals. This sentiment has been amplified by certain political groups and social media campaigns, creating an environment of heightened tension.

The government has stated its commitment to maintaining law and order while also acknowledging the challenges posed by undocumented immigration. However, the effectiveness of current measures in addressing the root causes of xenophobia and ensuring the safety of all residents remains a significant concern for human rights organizations and migrant communities.

International organizations and neighboring countries are closely monitoring the situation. The calls for deportation and the reported violence highlight the precarious position of many migrants in South Africa, raising questions about national policy, social integration, and the protection of vulnerable populations.

Unresolved issues include the exact number of undocumented immigrants in South Africa, the government's long-term strategy for managing migration, and the measures being taken to prevent further xenophobic violence and hold perpetrators accountable. The upcoming deadline of June 30 is expected to be a critical juncture in assessing the impact of the current backlash.